Mock Trial 2 Notes

    

The arguments against the decision argue how biologically the differences of a person’s skin does not change the type of person they are or use that as a determinant on how to be treated in society.

    This concept of treating everyone with fairness is seen in the bible starting with when God said “let there be light”, the Bible never mentions or implies an idea of separating races. 

Biologically there is no difference between colored and white people other than the pigmentation of their skin. If everyone goes through life with the mindset of “judging a book by its cover”, it will disrupt history's path, leading to fairness, equality. These people against this unfair ruling have one simple request, racial fairness and equality. These African Americans did not choose what race they were born as, and would not choose to be treated this way if they could have any say in the issue. Everyone, even white Americans have something about them that is different from others, why are black African Americans the only ones who are forced to experience the negative treatment due to their shared differences. 

From a historical perspective, history is supposed to follow a path to fairness and equality. This action that was taken by the state goes against what history should have accomplished in avoiding now. 

Plessy is one eighths African American, seven eighths white, yet that still is not enough for whites to segregate him based on his historical background. 

The ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment should have given African Americans the right of being free from slavery. This ratification did not help fix what it was intended to, if African Americans are still being racially segregated as if they are still slaves.  

Some highly popular figures such as Martin Luther King Jr, and Rosa Parks were against this ruling and took action in the Civil Rights Movement to further petition their opposite views.  

The economic arguments for desegregating whites and African Americans are big arguments when it comes to the education system. The segregation of kids receiving their education at public schools makes it a lot more costly to have two schools instead of putting all of the kids in one building. Additionally, tax payers contribute to quality education for all kids, not just white students. The white and black taxpayers money would be put to better use if the two schools joined as one school where all of the kids could be together to learn the same education. This segregating for no real reason leads to limiting access to education, which ultimately affects economic success in the long run.

    Public transportation would be a lot easier if we had one transportation system without having to deal with the separating of both races and let everyone sit where they want and ride on whichever bus they need to in order to get to where they want. 

    Treating someone based on their skin color should not be a societal norm because of the biological facts, historical and ethical reasons backing up this argument. Turning these norms around, and treating everyone with the fairness and equality that they deserve will enrich both communities and nations, and lead to more economical success, alter the norms and traditions to create more unity, as well as follow history the way it should be, and how it is described in the Bible. These reasons help form the conclusion that there should be no question if someone of color should be treated any differently from a white citizen, the question now is if we will stand in the way or with it.

The support for the verdict of the Plessy Vs. Ferguson worked to outweigh the disagreeing arguments for the decision. 

Starting with the justice system is it important to respect laws that ensure peace and justice. This shows how integration threatens stability and social hierarchy. It is not mentioned either in the constitution that blacks and white are supposed to live together. 

In a way that if everyone is considered the same, there will be more competition. It is more beneficial to have sort of a more extreme hierarchical system in society in order to keep peace.

Businesses will experience the negative effects of everyone being considered equal by the law because of the people who still do not agree with the law. Businesses that are open to everyone, including people that might scare off other customers, would lose business more easily and not profit from this switch. 

    There are facilities and businesses that provide for both white and black Americans, so if everyone has a way of getting what they need, society can still operate the way they do right now, without complicating the system by disrupting the norms. 

    With the two different points of view on changing societal norms, calls for higher tensions which we know from history can easily lead to rebellions, which eventually have a high chance of turning into a war. We have seen rebellions from the initiation on white mobs and from black slave rebellions without anything changing, these will only escalate with the coming changes to what people are used to, and no one likes wars. Wars not only disrupt peace, but they are also very costly. 

    Other than war, keeping these norms in place will help keep public order by respecting norms. These norms are essential for stability.

    The religious standpoint of this, the Bible explains how God put two separate races on earth for a reason. He assigns a specific place and role for each race, and the mixing of races as equals, violates the boundaries set by God's plan. 

Some organizations and efforts such as the Black Codes, Ku Klux Klan, The New Orleans Riots, Civil Right Cases, and Reconstruction vs. Redemption highlight how important it was for some people to keep society the way it is. 

    Starting with the Black Codes, they were put in place to successfully restrict laws to make difference between slavery and freedom as close as possible. 

    The Ku Klux Klan was a major association in attempts to put African Americans in a place they believed they belonged. They were made up of all white people, from poor whites to police officers. They would attack Black communities, schools, and places of worship mainly. 

    Similar to the actions of the KKK, the New Orleans Riot took place in Louisiana and was made up of the same kind of diversity as the Klan. It was further, as destructive as the Klan also, as forty-two people died during the attack. 

Slavery was an awful norm that was experienced in our nation. The Plessy v Ferguson case was extremely important in raising people's attention to debate whether or not the rights of African Americans were taken away from them to an unreasonable amount. The arguments for and against changing these placements are argued through the lenses of the norms, historical, economical, and religious basis. 

Reconstruction Era Post

    The making of the Reconstruction Amendments were a very important action taken to free the slaves and further their legal rights following the end of the Civil War. The history behind the nearing of the Amendments is a long excruciating process that starts with the climax of the Civil War. 

    According to this website, the Civil War ended on April ninth, eighteen sixty-five after General Robert E. Lee finally surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant, declaring the Civil War concluded. 

    Following the end of the war, President Lincoln generated the Emancipation Proclamation, which meant a huge deal to the confined African Americans in slavery, because this one edict gave them their freedom. This Proclamation was a Union Goal, and this website explains how that leads to the Emancipation gaining support from the Confederates.

    Following the Proclamation, although the newly freed slaves, as well as Northerners were ecstatic, their celebrations were met with the disapproval of the irritated Southerners. While this Proclamation was great for the slaves, this also meant the Southern plantation workers had just had all of their cheap manpower stripped from them. Although this deal does sound extremely promising for the African Americans, he Proclamation also did not completely end slavery, as it only applied to the Confederacy in a state of rebellion. This is what caused people, particularly whites and the almost free slaves to petition ot President Lincoln to take further actions. 

   Things started to turn around with the rising of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments, also known as the Reconstruction Amendments, starting with the fourteenth in eighteen eighty six. This gave African American men the right to vote, a step in the right direction. This website helps explain what all of these new Amendments accomplished.

    The Thirteenth Amendment put a ban on slavery in all territories, as explained in this website. This was a great start to grant the African American's their freedom. It was a process though, despite this rule being put in place, white people still had African Americans working for them, to such an extent that they could be seen as slaves. The senate passed this Amendment in 1864, but it was not passed by the house until one year later, in January of 1865, after they originally did not pass it. 

    The Fourteenth Amendment came next, and this put the African American's a lot closer to becoming free. This amendment granted legal citizenship, equal, civil rights for anyone born in the United States or who became a citizen of the United States. The five concepts to this amendment protected African Americans from state action, privileges and immunities, citizenship, due process, and equal protection.

    Section one dealt with the rights of African Americans, stating every African American born in the United States is subject to jurisdiction.

    Section two is labeled Appointment of Representation. This gives them the rights to be considered in the equation when it comes to congress allocating each state based on the total population in each. This also prohibits congress from denying voting rights to any male citizen twenty-one or older, unless convicted of a crime.

    Section three deals with disqualifications from holding office. In certain situations, such as a person who has taken an oath swearing to the constitution and has afterward participated in some sort of rebellion about it, or who have helped enemies will not be allowed to have a stance in congress. This does though, grant removal of this restriction if there is a two-thirds vote against it in both the House and Senate.

    Section four is about public debt. The United States will stay loyal to its debts, but will not pay any debts that relate to rebellion or slavery.

    The last, section five simply states that Congress can enforce provisions on any of the sections above. 

   This website explains the accomplishment of the fifteenth amendment, which was to give voting rights to African American men. This was a major step for the newly freed slaves because this had been consented since the founding of the nation.

    The Reconstruction Amendments were major contributors to giving the newly freed slaves the freedom they now have a right to. Without these amendments, there would probably be a big intermission on the efforts created by these three Amendments to bring about the abolishment of slavery, granting equal protection laws, and voting rights.

Reconstruction Video

  There is no doubt that the reconstruction period was one of excitement, achievement, but one where that excitement and achievement was seized by backlash, in a way that even today we are still haunted by the effects of the Reconstruction period. 

    Reconstruction started right after the end of the Civil War and the North and South became land of freedom. It started with a happy beginning, Lincoln released all of the slaves. This happened when Robert E Lee surrendered to General Ulysses Grant. The country was flourishing with exhilaration and all of the slaves, with their new freedom, left their plantations without even knowing where they were going. This was just the beginning of the coming jumble 

    In the African American's early days of freedom, the main goal for many of them was reconnection with their families.

    One of the first actions that was taken for extending the benefits to the newly freed African Americans was the Freedman's Bureau. This was established to provide necessities such as food, clothing, medical services, and land. 

There were rules established for every black worker was required to sign a document stating that they were working for a white boss. If they refused or failed to do this task, there would be punishments. 

Congress’ response to black codes was the Civil Rights Act. This gave freedom to any African Americans born in the United States, or who planned to become citizens. 

Memphis was a hot spot for this violence as it held a lot of racial hostility and as a result, there were many riots. The white mobs consisted of everyone, from poor whites to the police. 

    The reconstruction period was full of fluctuations of violence and freedom, happiness and destruction. The reconstruction period left a legacy of hope as well as violence. 

     Johnson’s reconstruction plan was the trigger of a white mob that ran through New Orleans because the whites did not like the fact that we was in support of giving the slaves the freedom they now deserved.

Things started to turn around with the rising of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments, also known as the Reconstruction Amendments, starting with the fourteenth in eighteen eighty six. This gave African American men the right to vote, a step in the right direction.

    The Thirteenth Amendment put a ban on slavery in all territories. This was a great start to grant the African American's their freedom. It was a process though, despite this rule being put in place, white people still had African Americans working for them, to such an extent that they could be seen as slaves. The senate passed this Amendment in 1864, but it was not passed by the house until one year later, in January of 1865, after they originally did not pass it. 

    The Fourteenth Amendment came next, and this put the African American's a lot closer to becoming free. This amendment granted legal citizenship, equal, civil rights for anyone born in the United States or who became a citizen of the United States. The five concepts to this amendment protected African Americans from state action, privileges and immunities, citizenship, due process, and equal protection.

    Section one dealt with the rights of African Americans, stating every African American born in the United States is subject to jurisdiction.

    Section two is labeled Appointment of Representation. This gives them the rights to be considered in the equation when it comes to congress allocating each state based on the total population in each. This also prohibits congress from denying voting rights to any male citizen twenty-one or older, unless convicted of a crime.

    Section three deals with disqualifications from holding office. In certain situations, such as a person who has taken an oath swearing to the constitution and has afterward participated in some sort of rebellion about it, or who have helped enemies will not be allowed to have a stance in congress. This does though, grant removal of this restriction if there is a two-thirds vote against it in both the House and Senate.

    Section four is about public debt. The United States will stay loyal to its debts, but will not pay any debts that relate to rebellion or slavery.

    The last, section five simply states that Congress can enforce provisions on any of the sections above. 

    The final Reconstruction Amendment, the Fifteenth Amendment, granted African American men the right to vote. This was a major step for the newly freed slaves because this had been consented since the founding of the nation.

    We even still see this issue in todays world with the shooting of Mother Emmanuel Church when a twenty one year old high school drop out opened fire as a hate crime. This singular horror surged a debate around the whole country as this was due to his racism and having hate for black people. This is an act that should not be heard of in this century and should have stayed in history. 

    The Reconstruction period was a highlight in American history as we see how much the African Americans as well as the white people in the United States experienced the ups and downs and disputes brought by the end of the Civil War, the period known as the Reconstruction Period. 

    

    

Presentations Reaction

     Many of the presentations that I listened to on the acts that were placed due to a group of people, abolitionists, who all strived to end slavery made strong attempts to put an end to slavery. There were still many people at the time, who despite the abolitionists efforts, could not handle the idea of slavery coming to an end. Based on the two opposing sides, I really got to understand how passionate each side was for addressing their strong beliefs. 

    Some of the acts of pro slavery that I learned about and found interesting were the fugitive slave act, bleeding Kansas, the Nullification crisis, the Succession of South Carolina, and the Battle of Fort Sumner. Based off of what I learned about these acts, they seem like they would do a good job on maintaining the protection of slavery, but not a good job at doing so in a peaceful way. 

    Some of these acts did have downfalls due to the efforts by the abolitionists. Bleeding Kansas is an example of this. Because of this act, the country saw a divide in the whole country and a few well-known abolitionists, including John Adams and Frederick Douglass got involved to fix this divide in our country. John Brown was so desperate, he believed the best way to get his point across was through violence in a "Holy war" and believed he was killing for a cause. This movement was not a success as it did not only contain a political issue, but a moral one. 

    The Succession of South Carolina was the pro slavery side's last stand to keep the slaves as they are. It caused another war for the slave's way of life and was a very large pivot point of the American Civil War because it was a major step towards revolution. 

    One of the more major initiatives taken for the pro-slavery side was the Battle of Fort Sumner. It started on April 11 and took thirty two hours. During the duration of this time, there were many casualties and all the soldiers were low on ammunition. This entire event shocked the North. 

    Reflecting on these acts that were placed due to the endeavors of the pro-slavery group, it gives a sense to not only how badly they wanted to remain in a state of how they originally were, but also the procedures taken were out of violence and caused chaos and severance from the other half of the country. Those are not signs of accurate ways to propagate their desires. 

    The abolitionists, or against slavery side, responded to these by enforcing some events for their own cause. These included the underground railroad, newspapers, the Amistad Case, the American Anti-Slavery Society, and slavery rebellions. 

    Some positives to the underground railroad is that it was non physical. They were routes made to help enslaved people escape from their owners, to the North or to Canada. These railroads were neither a railroad or underground either, so it took a lot of bravery and sacrifice to use these networks. The same repetition of the names of people fighting back against slavery is seen in the making of the underground railroad when I discovered that Douglass, as well as Tubman and Still were active supporters of this. All of these elements that went into the production of the underground railroad symbolize resistance. 

    Some of the newspapers at that time in support of abolishing slavery were the Liberator and The North Star, which were in favor of the acts and cases that helped the effort to end slavery.

    Although many of the anti-slavery acts and performances were peaceful and did not cause much ruckus, there still were some that caused disputes, such as the American Anti-Slavery Society. Although this was the first group of its kind, a lot of people were against, which caused disagreements. 

    Another example of an event becoming a wrangle for the United States is the rebellions, one of the most important being the Nat Turner Rebellion. This was such a significant event because of everything that came as a result of it such as wide spread hysteria and the white mobs that swept through. Turner believed it was his calling from God to lead this devastating rebellion, which lasted fir two days and two nights. Another result of this was the public hanging of Turner after being in hiding for two months. 

    Some more of these ruinous rebellions included the Haitian Revolution and the Trans Atlantic. 

    

       

    

GWTW

     In Gone With the Wind is a movie that focusses on the life of Scarlett Ohara, stylizing her life living on a plantation, but also the tragedies that the Civil War brought along with it as well as the hurtles she faces in regards to her love life.

    One way this move stylized life in the South was the way the movie depicted Southern life. Ohara's house is depicted as a very big and elegant house in a nice part of the South. Scarlet wears very nice clothes compared to the clothes of the African American slaves, Mammy and Prissy. This gives insight to the luxurious life Ohara lives, and we do not see how poorly the Southern slave's lives were. 

    Another stylized scene in this movie, was the scene when Rhett leaves Scarlett to join the war. The movie stylizes the speech he gives her as she begs him to stay because although he pours his heart out to her, when he comes back Scarlet had changed and the both of them struggle with grasping their feelings towards one another. Their separation scene and exchange of words in that time made it seem like they were meant to be together, when in reality it would just pull them more apart. 

    The way the slaves were depicted in the movie in a more stylized way than they really were in society at that time. 

    Mammy was depicted as being a loyal slave as well as a good caregiver. She gives her owners guidance and acts as a mentor to them, especially Scarlet and her complex relationships. For example, she gives Scarlett advice about her feelings about Ashley Wilkes. She gives her advice on the conflict about pursuing someone who does not want her. She gives her good guidance about keeping in mind her reputation and what her consequences could be. 

    After the war Mammy stays the same way even after the war by demonstrating her caregiving attributes. Scarlett has a lot she is dealing with following the war. Losing her house and the ongoing chaos makes her needs an advisor, who Mammy acts as in this case. Mammy reminds her how important family is and gives her advice on dealing with the horrible occurrence. Instead of acting arrogant towards Scarlett and her family for losing their home and not having the perfect life they had, she supports Scarlett.

    This leads me to believe that the filmmakers left out the horrible aspects of slavery, and covered it up by making up for it by adding the horrible aspects of the war. 

    Mammy's guidance to Scarlett helped shape her evolve into the person she is after the effects of the war. 

    In the beginning of the film, Scarlett portrays a usual stereotyped Southerner, selfish, un-empathetic of people around her, and greedy. She does not care about anyone, sometimes not even herself, as her main focus is on Ashley Wilkes’ approval. 

    Her attitude towards life is changed as she has to adapt to her new life during and post-war. She learns about how to appreciate her family and her house, Tara. She gains self-respect by letting go of the idea of Ashley and that there are more important things than a man who does not even want her. This leads her into a strong, healthy relationship with Rhett. 

    These all show personal growth for the best for Scarlett, her family, and the slaves that worked for them. These changes were shaped by the hardships she faced. She lost people she loved and witnessed a war first hand and this causes extensive change in her personality and values. 

    Rhett Butler's response to the war will have different opinions from different people. His response to profit from the war could be seen as either smart or selfish. I believe that although his action in running a blockade to sell goods highlight his economic brightness by profiting him exceedingly. This also does highlight his ability to make something good from a dreadful disaster, which some could see as an impressive act to highlight his intelligence. 

    Watching this movie eighty years after it was made, the idea of profiting off of the war is not an unexpected undertaking. In todays society, this action would not be considered nonsensical. With advancing technology, especially the length it has from the time the movie was made, it is a lot more common to see people making efforts to profit off of tragic events like for example, a war. Unlike at the time, people like to gain popularity or profit off of posting videos of catastrophic things like a war. Programs like "go-fund-me" and pity comments on social media posts act as motivators for people to act as overlookers, instead of partaking in a solution to end the problem, in this case, joining the war to fight for the end. 

    The movie demonstrates how the effects of a war can alter a persons lifestyle, causing people to change and discover new things about themselves. The movie displays a real life comparison between motivations in todays society versus the society when the film was made. The people in the film are changed throughout the film in direct means, and the way society runs changes drastically from the time the film was made and society today obliquely. 

State Vs. Mann

    The question regarding the worth of a human life is a complex concept to understand, especially when it is linked to the debate whether that being is actually considered a person or a piece of property. In the State Vs. Mann case, a rented slave, Elizabeth Jones, was shot by John Mann in an escape attempt from a punishment. She was injured, but walked away alive and Mann was charged with assault and battery with a fine of five dollars. 

    It is no lie that what Mann did was an outburst of violence, yet even with this defense, Mann's actions were valid in this situation. This belief is based off of the customs, norms, and traditions at the time this took place.  

Some of the most commonly known norms during the time was the desire for white slave owners to practice having full control over their slaves. 

    For example, slaves were not allowed be be away from their owners without permission, they were not allowed to assemble without consent, they were not allowed to use or bear firearms, or even learn to read or write.

    The way these basic human freedoms were taken away from the slaves really show how little control over their lives they had and how much their rights and freedoms were handed over to their owners or any white person they were associated with. 

    In this case, even though Mann did not own Jones, he was still able to exercise those forms of control over Jones because of what he knew as what is right based on the customs and norms at that time. 

    More of these social norms included the punishment of slaves for misbehaving which leads to the shared belief that slavery was meant to be dehumanizing. 

     These traditions of punishments could take the forms of whipping or branding. Death was another form of punishment, which was acceptable in cases where the slaves commit extreme acts of violence towards white people. This goes to show how much more valued white lives were at this time based on the fact that a person of color could get the death penalty just for being violent towards a white person. 

    In this case, Elizabeth Jones disobeyed Mann, by trying to escape a punishment, which had to have used some sort of violence to get out of the situation she was in. 

    Some more norms that were agreed upon were that slaves were considered property. This means they were not considered human beings, so this whole debate is about a piece of property being shot, which is unfair for Mann to be getting charged criminally for this. 

    For example, the slaves were forced to live in shacks and sleep on the floor, got very little food, showing how they really are not treated like human beings at all. 

    A norm came to play when the white slave owners started to exercise more control over their slaves due to the slave revolts grew larger. 

    An example of one these many slave revolts was the Nat Turner Rebellion, which was a slave rebellion which took place in Southhampton VA, lead by Nat Turner, which caused the social norms, customs, and traditions all to change. 

The slave codes became much stricter after this incident, which was why Mann saw it okay to shoot Jones. Additional restrictions were placed on the slaves after this event, which caused the norms to involve harsher punishments on them. These customs were not only placed on enslaved African Americans, but also freed slaves.

    The last social custom of the time was the hierarchal system in the State of North Carolina. This consisted of six social classes. The sixth, and lowest were the enslaved people. They were below everyone else in society. In this case, Mann was on a higher level than Jones, which gives him the right to punish her in whichever way he desired. 

    Based off of all these reasons, why would we take the side of a slave, who was not even considered a real human being when all of the norms, traditions, and customs prove that Mann's actions in killing Lydia were justified. 

Town Hall Reflection

 Many of these abolitionists that I learned about from the Town Hall Posts had similarities, differences, but everyone I learned about all had the same mindset on the topic of slavery, and that was the desire to abolish it. Every person who was discussed in these posts lead or were apart of some sort of initiative whose goal was to reach the goal of abolishing slavery. The one takeaway that all of these abolitionists lead me to is that the problem of slavery was getting out of hand, and active contributions to fight towards the end the ongoing problem needed to be established. 

    Some interesting things I recognized were the connections between the beliefs of all of the people. Many of them relied and mentioned God and religion. 

    Sojourner Truth was a black woman born into slavery. She was the first abolitionist who mentioned God when she was separated from her family and sold along with nine sheep. She was perceived as the same worth of the nine sheep that she was sold along with. She mentioned she held onto her faith with God thought this whole ordeal. She used the faith of her religion to help her get through being separated from her family at such a young age. This whole experience caused her to start her active participation in the fight to end slavery when she took a white man to court and won the case. This would not be possible without her faith in God that she held with her since the day she was separated from her family. 

    Nat Turner was another abolitionist who used religion to share his beliefs on whether or not slavery should be abolished. He believed that he was a messenger from God, which caused him to start his protests, which took the form of a rebellion. He reveals his faith in God when he mentioned how he believed that the solar eclipse was a sign from God. These points show the extent to which Turner devoted his faith to God because of the way he believes abstract ideas and events were due to Gods doings. 

    Another interesting fact that I took note of was the differences between the effort of abolitionists who were born free versus the abolitionists who faced the struggles of slavery first hand, at some point. 

Francis Harbor was a poet and essayist, born in Baltimore, Maryland, who was born a free woman. She preached for the abolishment of slavery in the means of using her educational background. She is said to have used poems to help save the slaves as well as participate in a suffrage and women’s rights movement. 

On the other hand, for example, Sojourner Truth was a slave who was born into slavery and faced all the hardships including being separated from her family at a young age and lack of education, as well as so much more. The way she preaches for the abolishment of slavery differentiates itself from the way Harbor did because she did it on a more personal level that made her audiences feel sympathy. She shared her story and her experiences to win the side of her listeners. She was so devoted about her case that she preached across the country and continued to advocate through her life. 

Although Sarah Purvis was another African American born free, who takes this advantage by expressing her wishes for the abolition of slavery by writing. Since she was born free, she was able to learn to read and write as well as get an education, which is how she known for her poetry. She uses her poetic talents to write about how bad slavery was from her parents, and sharing that struggle with the rest of the world.  

Henry Bibb is another example of an African American who was born into slavery and used his experiences to share and educate others as a form of attempt to abolish slavery. In 1842, after escaping slavery, he moved to Detroit to work and that’s where he started his attempt of abolishing slavery. After his escape from slavery, he became a lecturer and wrote a book based on his personal experiences to help the cause. 

    Many of these abolitionists mentioned each other and the same people throughout their stories.

    One name that was mentioned a lot throughout these presentations was Frederick Douglass. His name was a common theme throughout the presentations when talking about who the abolitionists worked with and ran across while working on their plan to end abolition. 

    The first example of this is Lucretia Mott when she talks about how she worked with Douglass in 1848 at the first women's right convention. This shows how all of these abolitionists were on the same page and shared the same beliefs, which shows they were all fighting for the same cause. 

    William Loyd Garrison is another abolitionist who mentioned worked with Frederick Douglass. This expands my knowledge to come to the conclusion that Frederick Douglass was probably one of the most influential and committed abolitionist of this time considering the repetition of his name when talking about the subject of the abolition movement as well as the women's rights movement. 

    All of these abolitionists may have used different tactics to prove their point about how slavery needed to be abolished. The similar theme we see in every single one of their tactics is their endless effort to push for the abolishment of slavery and give women the rights they deserve. We use these similarities and differences to work together to see how and why each abolitionist acted in the ways they did.     

    

Presentations

The Acts of Pro Slavery 

• Fugitive slave act
• Unable to testify
• 14 years
• Bleeding Kansas 
• Preview 
• Divide in country over slavery 
• Kansas and Nebraska act 
• Douglass
• Territory of Kansas and Nebraska
• Popular sovereignty
• John Brown
• Abolitionist - through violence 
• Holy war 
• Kill for cause 
• Kansas free state 
• Preview of larger conflict
• Not just political issue - moral 
• Nullification crisis 
• Tariffs, laws 
• Make slavery hardship
• Succession of South Carolina 
• Last stand to keep slaves
• War fight for slaves way of life 
• Largest pivot points of war 
• Major step towards revolution 
• Battle of Fort Sumter 
• Confederate states 
• April 11
• Refused help 
• Prepared for military assault 
• 34 hours 
• Casualties, low on ammunition 
• Shocked North 

Anti-Slavery Events

• Underground railroad
• Not physical 
• Symbol - resistance 
• Routes to help escape
• Freedom in North and Canada 
• Neither underground or railroad
•  Bravery / sacrifice 
• Tubman, Douglass, Still
• Terminology
• Taught by Morgan Rosser 
• Newspapers 
• The North Star
• Pushing for immediate abolition 
• "Right is of no sex - Truth is of no color"
• The Liberator 
• WLG
• Abolition and social obstacles 
• The Amistad Case
• Slaves kidnapped and packed on ship 
• Ended up in NY 
• Piracy and murder 
• American Anti-Slavery Society
• Garrison, Purvis 
• Abolished in British 
• First of kind 
• All men created equal 
• A lot of people against 
• Printing 
• Disagreements 
• Nationwide abolition 
• Allow women to have active roles 
• 1870 - dissolved
• Slavery Rebellions and Uprisings
• Nat Turner 
• Calling from God
• 2 days, 2 nights 
• Malicia 
• Forced into hiding
• Caught after 2 months
• Hanged 
• Aftermath
• Hysteria 
• White mobs swept through 
• Haitian Revolution
• Spanish and British
• John Adams - support 
• Abolishment of Slavery - Trans Atlantic
• Shipped across Atlantic to be enslaved 
• No leg room, snacks, might no survive
• Fought back 
• Revolts 
• Chained and starving 
• Equiano 
• Nullification Crisis
• Tariffs favor North, harm South
• SC exposition protest
• Jackson announced it unlawful

State vs Mann: Script

   I believe Mann's defense was valid in regard to the case of State Vs. Mann. I have many points to prove my stance based off of the norms, customs, and traditions at the time.

    Some of these norms were that pretty much all of the white slave owners wanted and strived to maintain social control over their slaves.

  

  Some of the examples to prove this are that slaves couldn't be away from their owners without permission, they could not assemble without the consent from a white person, they could not have firearms, and they could not learn to read or write. 

    More of these social norms included the punishment of slaves for misbehaving which leads to the shared belief that slavery was meant to be dehumanizing. 

 

   These traditions of punishments could take the forms of whipping or branding. Death was another form of punishment, which was acceptable in cases where the slaves commit extreme acts of violence towards white people. 

In this case, Elizabeth Jones disobeyed Mann, by trying to escape a punishment, which had to have used some sort of violence to get out of the situation she was in. 

   

 Some more norms were that slaves were considered property. This means they were not considered human beings, so no person died if she was considered property instead of a person. For example, they lived in shacks and slept on the floor and got very little food, showing how they really are not treated like human beings. 

    

A norm came to play when the white slave owners started to exercise more control over their slaves when the slave revolts grew larger. 

    

An example of these slave revolts was the Nat Turner Rebellion, which was a slave rebellion which took place in Southhampton VA, caused the social norms, customs, and traditions all to change. 

    

Additional restrictions were placed on the slaves after this event, which caused the norms to involve harsher punishments on the slaves. These customs were not only placed on enslaved African Americans, but also freed slaves. 

  

  The last social custom was the hierarchal system in the State of North Carolina. This consisted of six social classes. The sixth, and lowest were the enslaved people. They were below everyone else in society. In this case, Mann was on a higher level than Jones.  

Based off of all these reasons, why would we take the side of a slave when all of the norms, traditions, and customs prove that Mann's actions in killing Lydia were justified.